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Discrete emotions theory is the claim that there is a small number of core emotions. For example, Silvan Tomkins (1962) concluded that there are eight basic emotions: surprise, interest, joy, rage, fear, disgust, shame, and anguish. More recently, Carroll Izard at the University of Delaware factor analytically delineated 12 discrete emotions labeled: Interest, Joy, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Self-Hostility, Fear, Shame, Shyness, and Guilt (as measured via his ''Differential Emotions Scale'' or DES-IV).〔Izard, C. E., Libero, D. Z., Putnam, P., & Haynes, O. M. (1993). Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64'', 847-860.〕〔Boyle, G. J. (1984). Reliability and validity of Izard's Differential Emotions Scale. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 5'', 747-750.〕〔Boyle, G. J., Helmes, E., Matthews, G., & Izard, C. E. (2015). Multidimensional measures of affects: Emotions and mood states. In G.J. Boyle et al. (Eds.), ( ''Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs.'' ) Elsevier/Academic Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-12-386915-9〕 Discrete emotions theory states that these specific core emotions are biologically determined emotional responses whose expression and recognition is fundamentally the same for all individuals regardless of ethnic or cultural differences. == History== The biological and physiological underpinnings of emotions were discussed by Aristotle in ''De Anima'', by Charles Darwin in ''The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals'' (1872), by William James (1884), and by John Dewey (1895). Tomkins' (1962, 1963) idea was influenced by Darwin's concept. He proposed that there is a limited number of pancultural basic emotions or "affect programs". His conclusion was that there are eight pancultural affect programs: surprise, interest, joy, rage, fear, disgust, shame, and anguish. John Watson believed that emotions could be described in physical states. Edwin Newman and colleagues who believed emotions were a combination of one's experiences, physiology, and behaviour. Ross Buck came up with the facial feedback hypothesis, "that skeletal muscle feedback from facial expressions plays a causal role in regulating emotional experience and behaviour". After performing a series of cross-cultural studies, Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard reported that there are various similarities in the way people across the world produce and recognize the facial expressions of at least six emotions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Discrete emotion theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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